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The Elements Of Computing Systems: http://www1.idc.ac.il/tecs/plan.html
"Linux Rute User's Tutorial and Exposition" is a good Linux starter book which has a curriculum listed in the back. http://linux.2038bug.com/rute-home.html
IBM's Linux training curriculum: https://www-304.ibm.com/jct03001c/services/learning/ites.wss/us/en?pageType=page&contentID=a0005146
Redhat's: http://www.redhat.com/solutions/education/academy/curriculum.html
SAIR's: http://www.linuxcertification.org/competency.htm
Recommended reading for students:
Cathedral and the Bazaar: http://catb.org/~esr/writings/cathedral-bazaar/cathedral-bazaar/index.html
Programming from the ground up
Learning Python
The Art Of Unix Programming by ESR http://catb.org/esr/writings/taoup/html/graphics/taoup.pdf
In The Beginning Was The Command Line http://www.cryptonomicon.com/beginning.html